Patients should be informed of the negative effects of ___________ on the healing of periodontal wounds.

Smoking has been well-documented to have significant negative effects on healing, particularly in the context of periodontal surgery and overall oral health. The chemical constituents found in tobacco smoke can impair wound healing by reducing blood flow to the periodontal tissues, which limits the delivery of essential nutrients and oxygen needed for tissue regeneration. Smokers are also at a higher risk of complications such as infections and delayed healing, which can adversely affect the success of periodontal procedures.

Furthermore, smoking is known to have an impact on the immune response, resulting in a lower ability to fight off infections that may occur post-surgery. The toxic substances in smoke can cause inflammation and tissue damage, further complicating the healing process.

While other factors like drinking, dietary choices, and stress can also impact health and healing, the evidence specifically linking smoking to negative effects on periodontal wound healing is particularly robust. This makes it crucial for patients undergoing periodontal surgery or treatment to be made aware of the detrimental effects smoking can have on their recovery.